Thursday, January 24, 2013

腦電波 neuron firing rate in humans

何謂腦波?

腦電波圖是記錄頭殼上某兩點的電位差,人在清醒、壓力大、昏迷等不同狀況時,腦電波的振動頻率會有明顯不同的變化。

撰文/林三永
審稿/郭博昭(陽明大學腦科學研究所教授)

  人類的大腦裡,有許多神經細胞日復一日不斷活動;細胞活動會發出電磁波,如果用科學儀器偵測腦的電位活動,在螢幕上看起來就像海浪波動一樣,所以我們叫它「腦波」。簡單地說,腦波和大腦的意識有某種程度上的對應關係,就像是腦細胞活動的節奏。

大腦皮質的各功能區。其中,額葉主要與推理、計畫、某些語言、運動、情緒等有關;頂葉與觸覺、壓力、溫度及疼痛相關;顳葉和知覺、聽覺刺激辨識及記憶相關;枕葉與視覺有關。(電腦繪圖:姚裕評)

腦波的發現

  腦波研究開端於19世紀末,當時德國生理學家柏格(Hans Berger)觀察到電鰻身上發出電波,讓他猜測人類身上也會有相同的現象;英國生理學家柯頓(Richard Cotton)從兔子的大腦皮質表面也記錄到一種電波,和呼吸、心跳都無關,但會隨著動物被麻醉而產生變化,動物死亡後就消失。
  1929年,柏格首次在人類的頭蓋骨上記錄到相同的電波活動,他記錄、測量了人腦中微小的放電過程,這是人類史上第一次發表腦波記錄,命名為「腦電波圖」(electroencephalogram,簡稱EEG、腦電圖)。由於腦波和人類的意識活動有關係,許多研究者都很感興趣,在醫學領域的應用也隨之而生。例如研究憂鬱症、阿茲海默症患者睡眠時的腦波,可針對患者進行長期記錄,以了解其和未患病者的腦波有何不同,進而研究病理和病因。


腦波就是大腦中「電氣性的變動」,上方的貼片就是偵測腦波的點。(電腦繪圖:姚裕評)

腦波的種類

  腦電波圖是記錄頭殼上,某兩點電位差隨時間的變化圖,通常以微伏(百萬分之一伏特)為單位。電位差的產生與細胞膜電位有關,所有細胞膜的兩側均有電位差,這是因為細胞內多出來的負離子會和細胞外的正離子相吸,於細胞膜的內外兩層形成電位,例如神經細胞的膜電位一般在-40~ -90mV之間(細胞內的電位相對於細胞外的電位)。腦波圖記錄到的電位差,是大腦皮質靠近表層處成千上萬個神經細胞集體所造成。


細胞膜的兩面有一電位差,細胞內多出來的負離子會與細胞外的正離子相吸,於細胞膜的內外兩層形成電位。(電腦繪圖:姚裕評)

  人在張眼、閉眼、清醒或昏迷狀態下,腦電波的振動頻率會有明顯不同的變化,約在1~40Hz之間,國際腦波學會(International Organization of Societies for Electrophysiological Technology)依照不同的頻率,將腦波分為α、β、δ、θ波。當人專注於思考、推理,或是壓力大、心情緊張、不自在、憂慮等,容易測到β波(12~38Hz),β波頻率最高,是「意識」層面的腦波。在專注力下降、放鬆、神遊四方、放空、心不在焉、閉上眼睛後,會測到α波(8~12Hz),α波可以說是「意識與潛意識」之間的橋樑。一旦進入睡眠時,腦電波會變成低頻波θ波(4~8Hz)與δ波(0.5~4Hz),θ波是「潛意識」的波,例如記憶、知覺、情緒、態度、信念、夢境或冥想等;δ波是「無意識」的層面,在恢復體力的睡眠時需要。α、β、δ、θ波的組合型態可反應人體行為及學習上的表現。


α、β、δ、θ波 整理圖表(電腦繪圖:姚裕評)


測量腦部活動

  20世紀初,測量腦波採取「侵入式」方法,將訊號接收器直接植入大腦的灰質,獲取強度較高的神經電流信號。然而這樣會傷害身體組織,甚至引發免疫反應,測量時也可能因為接收器在人體內被干擾,導致信號強度衰退,甚至消失。
  現行量測腦部活動的方式可以分為四種,一是前面提過的,測量電位差的腦電圖(EEG),另一種是「腦磁圖」(magneto encephalon graphic, MEG),當腦神經活化時所產生的電訊號會引發磁場變化,所偵測到訊號的大小就是腦磁圖。
  此外,還有「功能性磁振造影」(functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI),它是一種神經影像技術。因為腦神經活動需要耗能,此時血氧含量會提高,透過量測腦中的血氧含量,可以推斷當時的腦部活動,進而觀察受試者從事不同活動時,各腦區的生理活性變化。第四種是正子斷層造影(positron emission tomography, PET),這是近幾年來發展快、靈敏度高的影像診斷技術,PET以帶有特殊標記的放射性葡萄糖合成藥劑注入受檢者體內,透過儀器測量腦內不同部位葡萄糖的消耗速率,再推斷當時的腦部活動反應。
  中央研究院語言所特聘研究員曾志朗指出,上述方法中,EEG是比較常用的檢測方式,它是唯一不需要固定頭部或身體的檢測方式,感應器小、檢測不痛、數據準確,其他三種方式所需的儀器都很巨大、價格也貴。交通大學腦科學中心博士生陳世安說,在EEG技術中,腦神經細胞活動傳出的腦波,穿出腦殼後大小約只剩10微伏特(一微伏特為百萬分之一伏特),因此須用很精密的儀器才能測量,其中人體疲勞時放出的α波、專注時放出的β、θ波常被拿來當做量測的指標。


四種非侵入式腦波測量方式中,EEG是唯一不需要固定頭或身體的檢測方式,使用的感應器也比較小。(影像來源:陽明大學腦科學研究所教授 陳麗芬)






延伸閱讀
................................................................................................................
〈當腦造影成為呈堂證供〉,葛詹尼加(Michael S. Gazzaniga)撰文,《科學人》2011年7月號
《醫學影像技術學》,余建明著,合記圖書出版社
《睡眠的迷人世界》,Peretz Lavie著,潘震澤譯,遠流出版社
高中選修科目《生物》
 

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Answers
Answer from CatOfGrey
2 people found this helpful

My research - 20-30/sec. at rest, 300-500/sec. active, max about 1000/sec.


I'm not finding any journal articles (sorry, I don't have a university account.)

http://www.noteaccess.com/APPROACHES/ArtEd/ChildDev/1cNeurons.htm

These are notes based on "Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology, Exploration and Application. St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1989"

*** From that reference ***
2. THE NERVE IMPULSE (primarily an electrical event): Each neuron is like a tiny biological battery ready to be discharged. It takes about one-thousandth of a second for a neuron to fire an impulse and return to its resting level. Thus, a maximum of 1,000 nerve impulses per second is possible. However, firing rates of 1 per second to 300-400 per second are more typical.
***********************

http://www.sciforums.com/Singularity-Institute-for-AI-t-6111.html

I wouldn't consider it as good as the first source, but it keeps things in the same order of magnitude...

*** From that reference ***
Cris
03-09-02, 02:41 AM
Adam,

Try this -

Humans are smarter than chimpanzees, presently the smartest creatures on Earth. Does humanity represent the theoretical limit? Certainly, the human brain's hardware is far slower than the theoretical limit. Human neurons fire approximately 200 times per second, using signals that travel at a maximum of 100 meters per second. By comparison, my computer's CPU operates at 667 million clock cycles per second, and the speed of light is 300 million meters per second; the reason a human brain has around a hundred million times as much raw computing power as my computer is that a human brain has 40 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses. If your neurons could be upgraded to fire 200 million times per second and send signals at 100 million meters per second, the result would be a millionfold "subjective speedup"; you could think a million times faster. In the time it now takes for your watch to count off 31 seconds, you could do a year's worth of thinking; more than a millennium of subjective time would pass between sunrise and sunset.

You might not be any "smarter" - you would simply think much, much faster - but the effect, to an external observer, would be beyond description. A community of ultraspeed humans could - mentally, at least - recreate the entire path from Socrates to World Wide Web in less than a day. A day after that, if the ultraspeed humans have physical technology that runs at the same speed as their minds, the ultraspeed community would have the same technology and culture we would reach in 4700 AD... and just 1900 AD to 2000 AD was enough to take us from steam engines to the Internet.

And that to my mind sounds like a change beyond imagination.

Cris

***************************

And this from the Dallas Morning News...
http://ramonycajal.mit.edu/kreiman/news/media/nature2000/the_dallas_morning_news_science.html


*** Begin Article ***
A face that rings a bell ... and fires a neuron

Why do specific nerve cells respond to certain objects or images?

04/09/2001

By Tom Siegfried / The Dallas Morning News

NEW YORK – At first glance, the human brain seems to be ruled by mob mentality. Billions of nerve cells shout to one another by firing electrical impulses, controlling how the brain's owner behaves.

But within that mob of nerve cells, or neurons, are specialists that do their own thing. Some cells ignore all but one specific sort of stimulus, then fire at will when encountering their specialty.

Many neurons respond best to faces, others to animals, some to houses. Some single neurons tune in to specific facial expressions; others fire for familiar faces but not for strangers......

....But lately more researchers have given willing patients simple tests to study such mental processes as face recognition, memory and use of language. Scientists discussed some of their findings last month in New York City at the annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society.

Such research makes use of ultratiny "microelectrodes" to probe brain tissue and record the electrical signals that neurons fire. By analyzing the recordings, scientists can determine what kind of stimuli will trigger a neuron to fire more often than it does in its unstimulated, or "resting," state. Resting firing rates are generally a few times per second; a stimulated neuron might fire 20 or 30 times a second.......

*****************************
Sources: My research - see cites below

Answer from tux
1 people found this helpful

Is "average" the right word?


The firing rate of a neuron is a fundamental characteristic of the message it "sends" to other neurons. It is variable and indicates the intensity of its activation state. As such, it can range from near zero to some maximum depending on its need to convey a particular level of activation. What is the maximum? Several articles I've seen suggest that 100Hz is chosen, by convention, to be the typical maximum firing rate. Others suggest some types of neuron can fire at up to 1000Hz. One very interesting article discusses the resonant frequency of neuronal networks due to synchronization in the firing patterns.
Sources: http://www.google.com/search?q=maximum-firing-rate+convention+human+neurons

Comments on this question:

CatOfGrey, regarding your answer "My research - 20-30/sec. at rest, 300-500/sec. active, max about 1000/sec.":

Great job researching the question! I really enjoyed reading your answer.



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