Wednesday, February 26, 2014

white01 Lagrangian canonicalNoethersymmetries

Canonical
Noether
symmetries
and
commutativity
properties
for
gauge
systems


Abstract
ForadynamicalsystemdefinedbyasingularLagrangian,canonicalNoethersymmetriesarecharacterizedintermsoftheircommutationrelationswiththeevolutionoperatorsofLagrangianandHamiltonianformalisms.Separatecharacterizationsaregiveninphasespace,invelocityspace,andthroughanevolutionoperatorthatlinksbothspaces.




Introduction
Mostphysicaltheoriesimplementthedynamicsasaresultoftheapplicationofavariationalprinciple,thatis,bymeansofaLagrangian.Amongthedynamicalsymmetriesofthesetheories,thatis,transformationsthatmapsolutionsoftheequationsofmotionintosolutions,wecansingleouttheNoethersymmetries,thatis,thecontinuoustransformationsthatleavetheactioninvariant—exceptforboundaryterms.Inaddition,ifweaimtomovethedescriptionofthedy-namicsfromthetangentbundle(velocityspace)TQofitsconfigurationspaceQtothecotangentbundle(phasespace)T∗Q,otherdistinctionscanberaised,astowhetherthesymmetrytrans-formationinvelocityspaceisprojectabletophasespaceand,intheaffirmativecase,whetherthetransformationinphasespaceiscanonical.Wewillconsidertime-independentLagrangians,asitistheusualcaseinphysicaltheories,butwewillallowtodealwithtime-dependentfunc-tionstocoveralsogaugesymmetries(symmetriesdependinguponarbitraryfunctionsoftime,orspace-timevariablesinfieldtheory);thenwewilluseR×TQandR×T∗QinsteadofTQandT∗Q.
Theinfinitesimalsymmetriesofanordinarydynamicalsystemarecharacterizedbyaprop-ertyofcommutativity:essentially,thatthetimeevolutionoperatorcommuteswiththeoperatorthatgeneratesthesymmetry.


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