Waves are described by their speed and direction of travel, their steepness, and whether or not they are breaking.

Divine Wind : The History and Science of Hurricanes: The ...

https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0199727341

Department of Earth Kerry Emanuel Professor, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Program in Atmospheres Oceans and Climate Massachusetts Institute of Technology - 2005 - ‎Nature

Many a ship has succumbed to them, and breaking waves are responsible for ... and direction of travel, their steepness, and whether or not they are breaking.




Posted by Ben Ito on April 28, 2006 at 17:05:53(Message posted from "unknown" at 137.150.100.91) - explanation
Wave-Particle Duality Theory of Light
Ben Ito
4-28-06 This paper will prove that the wave-particle duality theory of light is invalid. 1. Introduction Huygens (1690) described the propagation of light using a wave structure formed by an ether. Fresnel (1818) described the diffraction effects of light using Huygens' principle. Maxwell (1864) stated that light was an electromagnetic wave formed by an ether yet the ether does not physically exist. The photoelectric effect proves that light forms particle effects. Planck (1900) derived a discrete energy equation using kinetic gas theory and Maxwell's structure of light; Einstein (1905) derived an energy quanta equation of light using kinetic gas theory; however, light is not composed of gas molecules. 2. Wave Theory of Light Huygens describes the propagation of light in his paper "Treatise on Light". The disturbance of the ether forms a wave structure that is used in Huygens' propagation mechanism of light. Vacuum is empty and does not contain an ether yet light propagates in a vacuum. The propagation of light in vacuum proves that Huygens propagation mechanism of light is invalid. Fresnel uses Huygens' wave structure of light in his paper "Memorie su la Diffraction de la Lumiere"' Fresnel uses interfering waves, formed by an ether, to describe the diffraction effects of light. Light forms the diffraction effects in a vacuum that does not contain an ether which is proof that Fresnel's diffraction mechanism is invalid. Maxwell states that light is not a substance but a process going on in an ether which forms an electromagnetic wave structure of light (Maxwell, vol 2, p. 765). Maxwell's ether does not exist in a vacuum yet light propagates in a vacuum which is proof that Maxwell's structure of light is invalid. 3. Particle Theory of Light The photoelectric effect proves that light forms particle effects. In Planck's black-body paper "On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum" a discrete energy equation of light is derived using Maxwell's structure of light and kinetic gas theory yet Maxwell's ether does not physically exist and light is not composed of gas molecules; consequently, the derivation of Planck's discrete energy equation of light is invalid. Einstein derives and energy quanta equation of light in his paper "On a Heuristic Point of View about the Creation and Conversion of Light". E = (Rbf)/N.......................................1 The constants (R) and (N), of equation 1, originate from Boltzmann's gas molecule entropy equation. Using Boltzmann's gas molecule equation to derive an energy quanta equation of light violates logic since light is not composed of gas molecules 4. Conclusion The wave theory of light is based on a wave structure of light . The formation of a wave structure of light requires a medium (ether). Without the ether, the wave structure of light does not exist yet light propagates in a vacuum that is empty and does not contain a medium (ether). The propagation of light and formation of the diffraction effects of light, in vacuum, is proof that light is not a wave phenomenon. The photoelectric effect of light proves that light forms particle effects. Planck uses Maxwell's structure of light and kinetic gas theory to derive a discrete energy equation yet the ether does not exist, and light is not composed of gas molecules. Einstein used kinetic gas theory to derive an energy quanta equation of light which violates logic since light is not composed of gas molecules. Currently, the propagation, and structure of light are described with Huygens' principle, and Maxwell's structure of light that are based on an ether that does not physically exist. 5. References Einstein, Albert. "On a Heuristic Point of View About the Creation and Conversation of Light". Ann. Physic. 17, 132, 1905. Fresnel, Augustin. "Memorie su la Diffraction de la Lumiere. French Academy of Science. 1818. Huygens, Christiaan. "Treatise on Light". 1690. Maxwell, James. "The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell". Dover Pub. vol. 2. Edited by W.D. Niven. 1965. Planck, Max. "On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum". 1990.