1. The Key Laboratory of Beam Technology and Material Modification of Ministry of Education,
College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2. Beijing Radiation Center, Beijing 100875, China
3. Center of Theoretical Nuclear Physics, National Laboratory of Heavy Ion Accelerator of Lanzhou,
Lanzhou 730000, China
The application of Born-Oppenheimer approximation has received a great success, however it
fails to treat dynamical process involving nonadiabatic transition. Therefore, the description of
ionic motion coupled with electrons must be taken into account. The nonadiabatic process is
extremely common in the field of photophysics, photochemistry, strong-field physics and ion col-
lisions. Electron excitation is essential in nonadiabatic process, which is closely connected with
ground state and excited state. Basically full quantum mechanical methods can deal with nonadi-
abatic electron-ion coupling without making any approximations, but it is presently restricted to
small systems consisting of two or three atoms. The computational cost increases exponentially
with increasing the number of atom when to exactly solve quantum mechanics equations, which
is far too difficult to treat nonadiabatic process in atomic system. Over recent decades, several
groups have developed many different methods to study the nonadiabatic process. This work
mainly introduces the nonadiabatic mixed quantum-classical method, where nuclei are treated
with classical limit, and electrons are described by quantum theory. Mixed quantum-classical
method includes Ehrenfest method, Surface hopping method, Hybrid method (combined merits of
Ehrenfest method with Surface hopping method), and Liouville method based on Wigner trans-
form. However, when the quantum effects of nuclei are remarkable, nonadiabatic dynamics must
resort to other more rigorous method, such as ab initio multiple spawning. This article briefly
and clearly introduces relevant concepts, numerical implementation, recent progress and its pros
and cons.
Key words: Nonadiabatic; Coupling mixed quantum-classical method;Molecular dynamics;
Excited state
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