spontaneous mutations
are initiated by quantum events such as the shift of a single proton (hydrogen atom) from one site to an adjacent one
A quantum mechanical model of adaptive mutation
Johnjoe McFadden a,*, Jim Al-Khalili b
a Molecular Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, Uni6ersity of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK
b Department of Physics, Uni6ersity of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH UK
Received 10 August 1998; accepted 15 January 1999
Abstract
The principle that mutations occur randomly with respect to the direction of evolutionary change has been
challenged by the phenomenon of adaptive mutations. There is currently no entirely satisfactory theory to account for
how a cell can selectively mutate certain genes in response to environmental signals. However, spontaneous mutations
are initiated by quantum events such as the shift of a single proton (hydrogen atom) from one site to an adjacent one.
We consider here the wave function describing the quantum state of the genome as being in a coherent linear
superposition of states describing both the shifted and unshifted protons. Quantum coherence will be destroyed by the
process of decoherence in which the quantum state of the genome becomes correlated (entangled) with its surroundings.
Using a very simple model we estimate the decoherence times for protons within DNA and demonstrate that quantum
coherence may be maintained for biological time-scales. Interaction of the coherent genome wave function with
environments containing utilisable substrate will induce rapid decoherence and thereby destroy the superposition of
mutant and non-mutant states. We show that this accelerated rate of decoherence may significantly increase the rate
of production of the mutated state. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Johnjoe McFadden a,*, Jim Al-Khalili b
a Molecular Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, Uni6ersity of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK
b Department of Physics, Uni6ersity of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH UK
Received 10 August 1998; accepted 15 January 1999
Abstract
The principle that mutations occur randomly with respect to the direction of evolutionary change has been
challenged by the phenomenon of adaptive mutations. There is currently no entirely satisfactory theory to account for
how a cell can selectively mutate certain genes in response to environmental signals. However, spontaneous mutations
are initiated by quantum events such as the shift of a single proton (hydrogen atom) from one site to an adjacent one.
We consider here the wave function describing the quantum state of the genome as being in a coherent linear
superposition of states describing both the shifted and unshifted protons. Quantum coherence will be destroyed by the
process of decoherence in which the quantum state of the genome becomes correlated (entangled) with its surroundings.
Using a very simple model we estimate the decoherence times for protons within DNA and demonstrate that quantum
coherence may be maintained for biological time-scales. Interaction of the coherent genome wave function with
environments containing utilisable substrate will induce rapid decoherence and thereby destroy the superposition of
mutant and non-mutant states. We show that this accelerated rate of decoherence may significantly increase the rate
of production of the mutated state. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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