Thermal Physics: Entropy and Free Energies
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9814340766
Joon Chang Lee - 2011 - Science
It appears as if fermions now repel each other while bosons attract each other. In fact that is effectively what they do. The effective force is called the exchange
box) ...
. ..... 等离子体中起主导作用的是长程的库仑力,而且电子的质量很小,可以 .... 皮皮老師的物理世界參考圓上的圓周運動只引入一種, 通常是逆時針繞.
...
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等离子体(Plasma)是一种由自由电子和带电离子为主要成分的物质形态,广泛存在于宇宙中,常被视为是物质的第四态,被称为等离子态,或者“超气态”,也称“电浆体”。如果对气体持续加热,使分子分解为原子并发生电离,就形成了由离子、电子和中性粒子组成的气体,这种状态称为等离子体。除了加热之外,还可以利用如加上强电磁场等方法使其解离。等离子体与气体的性质差异很大,等离子体中起主导作用的是长程的库仑力,而且电子的质量很小,可以自由运动,因此等离子体中存在显著的集体过程(collective behavior),如振荡与波动行为。
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phymath999: Amplituhedron, Amplituhedron theory ...
phymath999.blogspot.com/.../amplituhedron-amplituhedr...轉為繁體網頁
2015年4月21日 - ... 除受引力F1之外,同时受到另一个类似洛仑滋力力(暂称为附加力)F... 近代物理学进展"蓝移"时力将指向光场中光弱处, 广义相对论认为, 射线“蓝移” 的原因是:塔高H.[PDF]Chapter 6
stp.clarku.edu/notes/chap6.pdf
Aug 1, 2009 - the particles as distinguishable, and then correct for the error approximately. ... indistinguishable even in the limit of high temperatures. .... Independence of the partition function on the shape of the box ... calculate the mean energy and pressure of an ideal classical gas by considering the partition function.
Clark University
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[PDF]Quantum Ideal Gases - UCSD Department of Physics
physics.ucsd.edu/.../chapter09.pdf
The mean energy per particle in a classical ideal gas is 3. 2. kBT. ... Exclusion principle, which prevents us from putting more than one particle in each state. For N ≪ V λ3 th ... or fermions. Consider for example two indistinguishable quantum particles in a box. ..... ultrarelativistic bosons and fermions at high temperature.
University of California, San Diego
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[PDF]3. Quantum Gases - damtp
www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/.../three.pdf
six atoms in a box then they will still be there when you come back a month later. This isn't .... pressure of photons is one third of the energy density — a fact which will be important ..... fundamental particles such as the electron, proton and neutron are fermions. .... 3.5.2 A High Temperature Quantum Gas is (Almost) Classical.
University of Cambridge
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pressure, degeneracy, exchange energy (exchange force)
www.av8n.com/physics/degeneracy.htm
Figure 1: An ideal classical gas (g) in an isolated container (c) with a piston (p) .... so the zero-temperature pressure is higher than it would be for non-fermions. .... A gas of N electrons in a box of size L will have a much higher pressure than the
See How It Flies
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等离子体(Plasma)是一种由自由电子和带电离子为主要成分的物质形态,广泛存在于宇宙中,常被视为是物质的第四态,被称为等离子态,或者“超气态”,也称“电浆体”。如果对气体持续加热,使分子分解为原子并发生电离,就形成了由离子、电子和中性粒子组成的气体,这种状态称为等离子体。除了加热之外,还可以利用如加上强电磁场等方法使其解离。等离子体与气体的性质差异很大,等离子体中起主导作用的是长程的库仑力,而且电子的质量很小,可以自由运动,因此等离子体中存在显著的集体过程(collective behavior),如振荡与波动行为。
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等离子体的温度太高了,原子的电子和原子核都分离了;而火焰中是分子变成原子,再重新组合成分子的过程,只是有些原子带电荷而已。
我们看到的火焰其实只是高温粒子发出的光罢了,就跟烧红的铁块一样。
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火焰中的带电微粒的确严格符合”等离子体“的定义——物质分子在热运动作用下发生电离,部分失去电子,部分获得额外电子(并不一定是电子与原子核分离),但正电荷与负电荷总量相等,因此总体上呈现电中性,这就是等离子体。
等离子体的温度并不一定很高,只要分子发生了电离就行。
你所说的高温粒子发光,那只是蜡烛火焰的内焰部分,里面充满了白热的尚未燃烧的碳颗粒。